Seeing the World Through a Broken Heart

The world is a pit of suffering and pain yet we see it not. All across the world, people are suffering from injustice, oppression, and from other afflictions caused by our very own brothers yet we feel not these things, least of all, know of them.A worse thing we have done is make ourselves be the very cause of their pain as if our indifference is not enough a mockery. We do not know their plight, we cannot see their sufferings, we cannot feel their pain all because our hearts remain unbroken.We think the world is confined to the corners in which we move. We have learned to deafen our ears and harden our hearts to the grave injustice and oppression that our brothers across the continents go through everyday. We have downplayed their sufferings with cliches and punchlines we learned from self-help books and by doing so, our hearts do not turn to see their reality.And then, a single movie, carrying a powerful message, turns our worlds upside down. It breaks our hearts to millions of pi eces and opens the eyes of our hearts. We witness the realities of this world and we get shaken. We start to stir up inside.We begin to ponder intently and thoughtfully about what the world goes through, we start to philosophize and discuss within ourselves who we are and what man is and what does man do. We start to wander through life's realities and we always ask why. Our hearts have been broken and now see things in their most naked honest state, and so, it refuses to rest.What is a broken heart?A broken heart simply is an honest heart. It is a heart which is not blinded with fantasies but clearly sees reality as it is. It is a heart that looks at people through a clear glass and not through a rose-tinted window. It is a heart which does not deceive itself with promptings taught by the learned but contents itself only with what it has witnessed.Hotel RwandaHotel Rwanda pounded on my chest like a jackhammer with a deadline. It crushed my heart down to its basic components and for ced me to adopt a whole new perspective about things. I never knew that a world such as that I have seen in the movie existed. I thought people from Africa suffered only from hunger.I never knew of a racial prejudice of that magnitude. I thought only Saddam Hussein was guilty of racial cleansing. How could have I been so base so as to be ignorant of what our brothers go through? I have never seen man so vicious. I have never seen man treat their brothers as â€Å"cockroaches† all because they are of a different race.My heart was shaken and the scenes remain vivid in my mind long after I have seen the movie. Often, in solitude, I contemplate on the movie and I ponder on why man such as the Hutus will do such a thing as they have done. Their skin color was the same.The only reason for the discrimination which I could gather from the movie is that the Tutsis were taller and had the more handsome features. And I ask: what is that?! Perhaps, it is envy.As I continue to ponder, I h ave come to believe that envy really is one viable reason for racial discrimination. The Great Holocaust, which executed hundreds of thousands of Jews, was inspired by envy. Aryanism is built upon envy over the chosen people of God.So perhaps too, the thing that happened in Hotel Rwanda was inspired by envy. The Hutus were envious of the Tutsis because the latter had better physical features. It is a shallow reason but it is enough to cause man to want to eliminate an entire tribe of people.Envy is the second of the seven deadly sins. And rightly so. The movie has proven how deadly it is. What does envy do to man? Among lovers it has caused a lot of broken relationships, unstable marriages, and even manslaughter.Stories of lovers shooting each other because of jealousy have passed by our ears millions of times. Among families, it has caused dissension.Families get broken up because of envy. Envy has caused brothers to hate their own brothers. It is noteworthy that the first murder c ommitted was inspired by envy. The Bible account of Cain and Abel contains the story of the first murder where Cain killed his own brother, Abel, because of envy. Among friends, envy has caused contempt. Among classes and races of people, it has caused discrimination.

Engage in Personal Development in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings

1. Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role: As a childminder I will be registered and inspected with Ofsted to ensure that I am able to demonstrate the quality and standards of care required by Ofsted and the Early Years Foundation Stage. My duty is to ensure that I provide high quality childcare, within a positive, safe, warm and happy environment where children feel welcome and comfortable. I am also to plan program’s and prepare play based activities for the children, to enable them to learn and develop at their own pace with supervision as appropriate. . My duties also entail completion of relevant paperwork.All of the above is to enable and ensure that parents are able to have peace of mind and to leave their children knowing that their well-being is paramount. Below is a list of my duties continued: †¢ Prepare and provide healthy balanced meals for children and be aware of their individual dietary requirements. †¢ Take the children that are in my full time care to childminding and playgroups. †¢ Provide breakfast and dinner for, take to school and collect from school all children that are in full-time education †¢ To maintain discipline of all children (whether in my care part-time or full-time), and encourage positive behavior Promote and maintain a high level of professionalism when carrying out my work †¢ To implement and update policies and procedures in line with ofsted guidance†¢ To ensure a safe environment for the children †¢ Carry out risk assessments on my home, and also of any places that we regularly visit. Review on a regular basis †¢ Be aware of the signs and symptoms of potential abuse and be aware of the current procedure in reporting it. †¢ Build and maintain good relations with people involved with the children’s learning/lives. School/nursery teachers, parents †¢ make sure all equipment is safe and fit for purpose, as well as age appropriate keep relevant records/paperwork in a confidential and safe place †¢ when communicating with parents and children, respect other’s confidentiality †¢ all accident’s are recorded and reported where necessary †¢ Ensure good hygiene standards are met †¢ Regularly replenish first aid box†¢ Regularly attend training and update qualifications, certificates at appropriate i. e First Aid †¢ Ensure all paperwork in completed in a timely manner as directed by Ofsted †¢ Provide regular feedback to parents and children and also allow them to do the same in the form of questionnaire’s, daily discussions, daily reports etc . Explain expectations about my own work role as expressed in relevant standards Expectations of me within my work role are to provide a warm, caring, fun and friendly environment for the children to come to, to provide them with the ability to learn and develop at their own pace and to guide them were appropriate. To be reliable and mak e sure that their safety is paramount not just within my setting but at all times when they are in my care, also in their everyday life’s, for example if I suspect any form of abuse to act upon my suspicions in the appropriate way by following my policies and procedures.As well as this I must be registered with Ofsted and meet the requirements set out by them which include having an enhanced CRB check, having a valid Pediatric First Aid certificate, to have attended and completed the Barnet Council Childminding Course. I am also expected to meet the standards of the EYFS (early years foundation stage) as part of this I am required to keep detailed records of the children and parents personal details including emergency contacts, any special needs or requirements, accidents, attendance, risk assessments, observation of the children to track their development and follow the framework set out by EYFS.Another expectation of me is to follow the Every Child Matters initiative and i ts 5 outcomes: †¢ Be healthy †¢ Be safe †¢ Enjoy and achieve †¢ Make a positive contribution †¢ Achieve economic wellbeing SC33: Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care or children and young people’s settings. 1. 1Explain what is meant by – diversity, equality and inclusion Diversity – Diversity means differences. Such as, â€Å"People from different cultures live in my community, making it a diverse place to live. † Diversity is the degree to which a GROUP (not a place) is non-uniform on a specified factor.An all-Black group has zero race diversity, but may have age diversity, or educational diversity. From wikiask Equality – The importance of recognising different individual needs and of ensuring equality in terms of access, participation and benefits for all children and their families. It is therefore not about treating people the ‘same’ Inclusion – Inclusion means that all children can attend the setting and benefit from the same experiences. For example children with disabilities are active participants, not just observers on the sidelines.Describe the potential effects of discrimination Discrimination may occur in a setting if people have stereotypical attitudes towards children who they believe may be capable of doing something or making assumptions about children because of who they are or the way they act. Discrimination against a child who may be disabled, may be seen as incapable of doing particular activities or participating within activities because of their disability. If a child has a disability be it physical or intellectual, it does not mean they are unable to achieve the same as another child.According to Tina Bruce 2001’ As early years workers, we are responsible for ensuring equal opportunities within the setting. There are many ways in which we can promote anti-discrimination practice. We can do this by: valuing diversity and respecting d ifference, including children with disabilities and avoiding stereotypes. This may effect children who are discriminated on as it could delay their development, the child may become less confident and show a lack of confidence within particular activities and they may be seen as labeled.Another cause of discrimination could be discrimination against gender. This type of discrimination may stereotype against children who play with particular activities that are commonly associated with their gender. For example, a boy maybe seen more prone to play a physical activity like football or basketball and girls maybe seen more prone to dressing up as princesses and role play. According to Tassoni 2007 ‘During their early years, children are developing sense of identity, self worth and self-asteem. They are learning how other’s see them and treat them.A boy that plays with dolls may be discriminated on because of his choice of interest, there may be assumptions as to why he is p laying with them and not the footballs. This may affect the child as it may interrupt his learning, ‘he may grow up with a view of himself as inferior’ (Tassoni 2007 pg154) and he may develop serious emotional and social problems later on in life e. g finding it hard to form relationships’ (Tassoni 2007pg154). The effects of discrimination against parents/carers and families could be discrimination against their religion, sexuality, race and appearance.This type of discrimination could affect the children if they see that their parent/carers are being discriminated on, even if it is not through verbal communication it can still be seen through facial expressions and body language, this may result in the child of the parents having behavioral problems within the setting, becoming distressed or even physical behavior. This sort of discrimination can affect practice within the setting . Other effects of discrimination are: isolation, possible exclusion, demoralizati on,Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity Inclusive practice is about the attitudes, approaches and strategies taken to ensure that people are not excluded or isolated. It means supporting diversity by accepting and welcoming people’s differences, and promoting equality by ensuring equal opportunities for all. In my role it is important to allow the children to have the same opportunities as any other child regardless of disabilities, race, religion etc. We do this buy having doll’s f different colour/race, disabled doll’s, aswell as fancy dress and books that are for both boys and girls that they are freely able to choice from and play with as and when they please. 2. 1Explain how legislation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination apply to your own role. Equality Act 2010 brings together all previous acts relating to equality and discrimination. ‘this act enforces equality legislation on a ge, disability and health, gender, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation or transgender status, and encourage compliance with the Human Rights Act 1998.It applies to all organizations that provide a service to the public. This Act along with the EYFS requires my setting to put in practice policies and procedures to ensure children are treated fairly and equally but according to their needs regardless of learning difficulties and disabilities, to have a positive attitude towards diversity and difference. I have an equal opportunities policy that I follow. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and 2005 ensures that all children as well as those with disabilities are provided with the same first hand experiences and or opportunities as those that are non-disabled.According to this Act, the arrangements for the admission of disabled children are: to prevent disabled children from being treated less favorably than other children in the setting, this means it would be illegal for a setting not to make reasonable adjustments to accommodate those with disability. Within my setting all children are provided with the same opportunities despite learning ability, disability etc but it may alter slightly to adapt to the child’s learning needs in an effective way so they are still included within the same activity.E. g at a counting activity some children may be asked to count to 20 and another child who is not as keen with numbers may still do the same activity but be asked to only count to 10, this depends on the child’s learning ability. Implementation of statutory duties can be put in place here also to ensure equal opportunities within working practice. These duties comply with the Race Relations Amended Act 2000, which requires workplaces to promote equality of opportunity, good relations between people f different racial groups and to eliminate unlawful racial discrimination both unto children and adults. Human Rights Act 2000:‘The act was not designed specially to protect children but they are accorded the same rights as adults. This means they have the right to dignity, respect and fairness in the way they are treated’ Tassoni et al (2007), This act ensures that settings influence working practices by following the legislation to promote fair and just practice towards children, respecting wishes and promoting practices in accordance to the child’s rights. E. ‘a setting is not able to use corporal punishment even if a parent consents to it, because it is seen as degrading and a violation of a child’s rights’, it also makes sure that I as a childminder provide the children with food, clean water as well as a comfortable and clean setting, that I spot the signs of abuse and report them as well as involving the parents and children in decision making where possible. United Nations Convention on the rights of a child (UNCORO – 1989 recognised in the UK in 1991) These are the righ ts of a child under the age of 18 years.The children’s rights apply to boy or girls, their religion, if they are disabled or the family’s diversities. There are children living in exceptionally difficult situations and that such children need special consideration. Governments have a responsibility to take all available measures to make sure that all children’s rights are respected, protected and fulfilled. They also agree to review their laws relating to children. This involves assessing Social Services, legal health and Educational systems, as well as levels of funding for these services.Governments are then obliged to take all necessary steps to ensure that the minimum standards set by the Convention in these areas are being met. They must help families protect children’s rights and create an environment where they can grow and reach their potential. There are over 40 specific rights below are some of them: †¢ The right to play. †¢ The right to survival and development. †¢ What is best for the child? †¢ The right to be safe. The right to live in a loving and caring family environment or alternative care and to heev contact with both parents wherever possible. †¢ The right to speak up and have your opinions listened to and their views respected. †¢ Every child needs to be registered after birth. The right to a name, nationality, freedom of expression and access to information concerning them.†¢ The right to education, leisure, culture. †¢ Children have the right to know and live their own culture. †¢ Respect the rights and respect others. The right to privacy. †¢ If you have a disability you have rights for special help for you to participate, the right to health and health care and social security. †¢ To be healthy. †¢ Children have the right to access special education. †¢ The right to be educated. †¢ Children have the right to live life free from discriminati on. EYFS 2008 has brought together all early years providers under one set of statutory guidelines, the aim was to improve the quality of care and education for children birth to end.It is statutory and that means that ALL registered early years providers MUST follow it, the purpose of making it statutory was to ensure all children were given the same opportunities for high quality care and education. If ever a parent wasn’t happy with the way in which I worked or felt that I wasn’t successfully providing a equal opportunity, diverse setting or there was discrimination taking place they could report it to OFSTED who are the regulatory body for childminders, they also make sure that a good level of work is always maintained, the enforce and inspect.

Managed Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managed Care - Essay Example In other words, managed care organizations mean two things: health insurance and delivery health care at relatively low rates. There are different types of managed care organizations. Some of them are as following: 1. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO): This is tipped as the first form of managed care. HMOs refer to organization wherein insuranceplans, hospitals and physicians are either closely related or are a part of the same organization. An important example of HMO is Permanente. An HMO has completely charge of the hospital including the salaries paid to the doctors In case of emergency, patients using the HMO plan have to use the plan affiliated care provider. The biggest advantage of the HMO plan is that it offers a fixed amount of money that can be spent on the patient. This in its own restricts the patients and physicians and they tend to opt for the most cost effective treatment or drug. Thus, one ends up paying less for an HMO plan compared to the rest. The biggest disa dvantage also emanates from its biggest advantage. HMO plans tend to focus more on cost control then the quality of care. 2. Fee-for-Service or FFS: This type of plan gives a lot of liberty to the patient. It gives them the freedom to choose their preferred doctor or health care provider. Physicians then get the fee for each and every service including the visit, the procedure and the tests. However, here freedom does not trump cost. Patients opting for this type of plan end up paying more. 3. Independent Practice Association, or IPA: In this kind of association, physicians are completely empowered. They can have patient from the HMO and FFS plans. 4. Preferred Provider Organization, or PPO: In this type of plan, the rates are low but physicians get more patients to deal with. This kind of plan works both ways. Patients not just get better care and freedom but they also get it at lower rates. On the other hand physicans get more business. Both sides benefit in this type of plan. 5. Point of Service Plans, or POS. This type of plan resembles the HMO plan in many ways. Here the doctors do not have to work in specific hospitals. They tend to receive compensations based on the number of patients they are handling per year. It is per patient per year compensation. References Managed Care Magazine (2000). Capitation Rates See Large Boost. Retrieved on July 26, 2010 from http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0012/0012.compmon.html. Managed Care Magazine (2000). Capitation: an update. Retrieved on July 26, 2010 from http://www.managedcaremag.com/archives/0005/0005.compmon.html. Managed Care Magazine (2000). Physician Financial Incentives: Another UM Tool Bites the Dust. Retrieved on J

Designing a balance scorecard for the american university in the Essay - 1

Designing a balance scorecard for the american university in the emirates - Essay Example An American University aims to open an affiliate in the United Arab Emirates. However, in order to ensure effective establishment and development of this University, the management needs to develop a comprehensive strategic framework such as Balanced Scorecard. However, there is limited knowledge and understanding of how to apply this framework to educational sector as Balanced scorecard model is mainly applied in commercial sector (Karathanos & Karathanos, 2005). The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of how the framework of a balanced scorecard can be applied to the education sector. Based on the research findings it will be possible to design a balanced scorecard for educational institutions at University level. Furthermore, this paper aims to develop some recommendations in relation to the American University in the United Arab Emirates. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a framework used for tracking and measuring performance. Robert Kaplan and David Norton have introduced the BSC in the early 1990s as a new way for organisations to measure their performance in a comprehensive and integral way. Before, organisations relied only on financial indicators in order to monitor their achievements (Bakhtiari, et al. 2012). However, Kaplan and Norton have expanded this approach, offering a more balanced system. This system is comprised of four major perspectives: financial perspective, customer perspective, internal processes perspective, and learning and growth perspective (Bakhtiari, et al. 2014). All these perspectives have causal relationship among performance indicators and performance measures should be linked to the results (Sudirmann, 2012). The financial perspective is viewed to be the primary perspective of any commercial activity. The primary goal of any commercial activity is to generate revenue and create wealth for its shareholders. The companies set financial goals and develop strategies how to achieve

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reaction paper - Essay Example There is no marker pointing to any direction at all to guide the visitor. Also, the people can come in anytime from any point which is very much similar to the Jews who were imprisoned at the camps. One could be easily brought into the camp and leave as a dead person; hence, uncertainty was the order of the day during that time. This architectural monument has attracted millions of tourists because they are curious about the structure. Some of them could have been Jews who want to pay respect to their fellowmen who were victims of the Holocaust. The video showed the beauty of the structures yet it exhibited a certain coldness that spells indifference to humanity. If I were there, I would feel sadness because it seems that I have lost my identity and could not find my way out of such as disorienting situation. So many mixed emotions ran over me as I watched the video and imagined how hard it must have been for the Jews. Although the structure really avoided symbolizing anything at all , it provokes visitors to reflect on the plight of the murdered Jews. This just makes me think how man’s heart could be that dark and evil when given a wrong cause.

British Pop Art versus Nouveau Realisme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

British Pop Art versus Nouveau Realisme - Essay Example Pop Art emerged in 1950’s Britain and quickly took root in America and other parts of the world as well. The style formed in response to abstract; the latter being considered an overdone, muddled interpretation of reality by many artists who desired to create art that could be more easily appreciated by the masses. The fact was that with abstract art, audiences and different artists like Allan Jones felt that the works being produced were supportive of elitism. Small, trendy art audiences would attend gallery openings, discuss the paintings and in most cases were encouraged to think of themselves as a privileged bunch who were able to see through the ambiguous artwork to the ‘true meaning’. To take down this elitist mentality that was rampant in the world of art, Pop Artists decided to show their own interpretations of the world in a clear, concise manner that could be appreciated by the average person on the street. The object of Pop Art was to do just as its na me suggested: to take images, techniques and styles from popular culture and use them in the creation of new works of art. Artists admitted for the first time that they were actually targeting a larger audience than was usual, and in doing so hoped to bring an appreciation of their work to the masses instead of to a small elite group. If direct reference was made to popular culture and imagery in the art itself, then people who usually were not interested in artistic interpretation would find themselves drawn into the work. By using popular culture as the basis for the artwork, artists felt that they had a better chance of getting into the minds of the common people and encouraging them to think about their world and the messages that might be behind the art. A major factor of British Pop Art was its tendency to emphasize those aspects of the British culture that were considered mundane or banal (Chilvers 305). Artists who used different styles thought that the artwork portrayed a mindlessness inherent in British society; others thought it showed nothing more than a breakdown of art itself from an intellectual philosophical form of expression to the expression of common ignorance. Perhaps inadvertently, Pop Artists were renewing the old ties of realism to the art world after the abstract phase and because of this many other artists have been inspired to create art using unorthodox methods and imagery. Whatever the actual effect of Pop Art on its audience, the fact remains that its creators were seeking a way out of what they viewed as an

Human Resource Development studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Human Resource Development studies - Essay Example This essay will discuss how boundaries between organisations are increasingly becoming fluid across a diverse range of networks and the implications that these network forms have on the maintenance and development of skills for individuals and organisations. Reasons for diversification of networks The thinning of the boundaries between organisations has to a large extent been caused by the diversification of organisations, this has seen most of the organisations increase their product diversity to minimise risks and increase their capability to take advantage of opportunities in the market (Johnson, 2010, p65). In addition, organisations have also diversified their markets in several regions in order to reach a larger client base. These processes of diversification have caused major shifts in the way the companies conduct their operations (Hill & Jones, 2007, p85). In the case of concentric diversification where organisations are concerned with increasing the scope of their products through the adding related goods and services, integration of different skills has been a necessity; this is to increase the strategic fit in the running of the organisations (Gu?Nther, 2007, p152). The related products that an organisation includes in its operation depends on the field that it operates in, for instance, organisations that offer services in the service industries are likely to add to their products other services that compliment their operations or those that add value to the initially existing services. For instance, a company that has a conservancy for wild animals or that is manages a game reserve is more likely to diversify its operation to include offering travelling packages for tourists who visit their facility. In addition, it may wish to own a hotel within the conservancy where the tourists can stay when they are visiting the region, this would encourage more tourists to visit the conservancy or the game reserve. Still to increase the visibility of the orga nisation to possible tourists, the organisation is likely to acquire an advertising firm. This diversification in operations of a service company would require that the workers especially in the management levels to acquire new skills to enable them run the organisation efficiently and effectively. Diversification in organisations that deal in goods is more likely to be extensive and complex than for the organisations that are in the service industry, this makes the workers in the goods producing organisations more affected by the organisation’s operations in different networks (Toxvaerd, 2010, p72). Most of the organisations that have their final products in form of goods require a lot of technological and management expertise, this is because in the production of goods, there are a lot of stages that are involved before the goods are ready to be taken to the market (Gregory & Cooper, 2009, p111). These stages include; procurement and transportation of raw materials, the pro cessing of raw materials that may involve several stages, quality assurance checks, packaging and branding of the product, warehousing search and transportation

Japanese festivals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Japanese festivals - Essay Example Japanese Matsuri (festivals) are habitual festive events. There are in addition a variety of local festivals that are mainly unidentified external to a specified region. It is normally thought that one will for all time discover a festival everywhere in Japan. In Japan, festivals are typically supported by a confined temple or holy place, although they can be worldly. However, festivals are mostly originated just about one or two major occasions, with foodstuff stands, amusement and celebration playoffs to keep individuals occupied with entertainment. There is no particular matsuri time for every one in Japan, therefore dates differ from region to region and even inside an exact district, except festival days to be inclined to the group around the usual vacations for instance Setsubun or Obon. Approximately every surroundings has as a minimum of single matsuri in late summer or in the early days of autumn, generally linked to the rice yield. Noteworthy matsuri frequently characterist ic demonstrations which might absorb complicated drifts. Preparation for these demonstrations is generally prearranged at the stage of areas or in other words "machi."Previous to these, the neighbouring kami might be ritually mounted in mikoshi and procession all the way through the lanes. An individual can at all times discover in the surrounding area of a matsuri stalls selling mementos and foodstuff for example takoyaki and playoffs for example Goldfish scooping. Karaoke competitions, sumo games and other types of activity are repeatedly prearranged in concurrence with matsuri. Preferred essentials of the generally popular matsuri, for instance the Nada Kenka Matsuri of Himeji or the Neputa Matsuri of Hirosaki, are habitually televised on TV for the whole country to have the benefit of it. A number of festivals are mentioned below. Seijin Shiki (Coming of Age Day) Seijin Shiki is held on the 2nd Monday in January. Celebrations contain rituals held at neighbouring and territory workplaces and social gatherings among relatives and associates to rejoice course into middle age. Hinamatsuri (Doll Festival) The Japanese Doll Festival, or in other words Girl's Day, is supposed on 3rd March, the 3rd day of the 3rd month. Display places with a red hi-mosen are worn to present a position of decorative dolls, demonstrating the sovereign, empress, followers and performers in customary court clothes of the Heian era. Introduction to Japanese Culture 3 Hanami (Flower Viewing) Hanami is the Japanese conventional tradition of taking pleasure in the exquisiteness of flowers, "flower" in this situation is nearly at all times means cherry blossoms or Ume flowers. From late March to the untimely May, sakura flourish every where in Japan. The flower conjecture is proclaimed every year by the weather organizations and is observed cautiously by those who are doing the preparation of hanami as the flowers. In contemporary Japan, hanami mainly consists of containing an open-air party underneath the sakura through day

English speech Essay Example for Free

English speech Essay Morning/Afternoon, fellow students. As all of you have had the unfortunate task to study belonging as part of the hsc, and many of you are sitting here zoning my speech out but belonging to people and place is one of the main reasons why we want to belong. In Orson Scott Card’s novel Enders Game it is a major struggle for young Ender Wiggin and he feels like he will never belong. Belonging is not welcomed but is still portrayed deeply in Sean Penn’s film Into the Wild with Chris McCandless never fully understanding the concept of belonging. These texts demonstrate belonging both differently and similarly to Steven Herrick’s free-verse novel The Simple Gift. The human kind has always looked for people to belong to as it is one the most basic instincts for us humans to look for. Sean Penn had the challenge to demonstrate the life of Chris McCandless. At the age 22 from an affluent background Chris felt like he did not belong in the life he was living and unlike most people his age he got and left his life behind him and â€Å"risked†¦ a relentlessly lonely path†. Penn uses narration to explain how Chris had the ability to belong to a father like man (Ron) but instead Chris continued to walk down the lonely path. Through the flashbacks in scenes on Chris’s life with Rainey and Jan Burres, who practically begged Chris to stay with them and have the chance to belong but still he didn’t take that chance. Sean Penn is able to illustrate that Chris’s understanding of belonging was obscure. But still Chris couldn’t find the ability to belong to other people and took his whole lifetime to understand that â€Å"Happiness is only real when shared.† In The Simple Gift Billy a similar person to Chris but unlike Chris, Billy had the ability to belong to people and was able to settle down because of his sense of belonging. Orson Scott Card’s protagonist Andrew Wiggin also known as ‘Ender’ was born into a post-modern society and he is referred to as genetically perfect and intellectually smarter and the age of 8 he was asked to leave home and go to train to become the best military leader. The men in charge have one job and it â€Å"is to produce the best soldiers in the World†. Through the uses of irony of creating a child soldier Mazor Rackham (man in charge) assumed that there  would no consequences to Ender’s life, from creating a child military leader, thus this caused Ender to never belong to anyone. Graff (the man who trained Ender) â€Å"wanted to help Ender† but would rather create a better soldier. Through the contradiction of Graff wanting to help Ender but Graff being determined to create a better soldier, which forced Ender into isolation and had no one to belong too. Orson Scott Card is able to portray the effects of lack of belonging on Ender and show how it affects people. Alike to the Simple Gift and Into the Wild both protagonists never felt belonging with their parents. Even both characters may not have faced such a harsh lack of belonging compared to Ender but both Billy and Chris still new the toll it can take on someone. Most people want to belong to a place which causes people to search for belonging and the ability to call a place home. Orson Scott Card’s novel Ender’s Game try’s to demonstrate, how Ender struggled to belong to places but believed that Battle School was â€Å"the only place in the universe where he belonged.† Card uses hyperbole to help the audience understand that the child Ender had made an attachment and belonged to place and thought it as home. When Ender got forced to move on from the only place Ender liked â€Å"He hated it. He wanted to go back home, back to the Battle School.† Through short sentencing Card is able to illustrate that when ender arrives back to his original home he did not belong. The audience is able to understand the desperation for young Ender to get back to his home and belong. Similar to Ender’s Game, The Simple Gift Billy did not now what to do when he knew that he might have to leave his newly founded home. In Sean Penn’s film Into the Wild belonging is not part of Chris’s vocabulary. Chris as a young man had lived in more places than most people can imagine. Chris’s lack of belonging to these places causes him to keep moving from place to place even though he had the chance to belong. Through compressed time of the film shows Chris constantly moving around and demonstrate to the audience that Chris does not understand belonging and missed the happiness he was looking for. At the end of Chris’s life he is able to determine what the true meaning of happiness is and that he had the chance to belong. Through the close up of Chris’s last breath facial expressions shows sadness that Chris had places to belong too but in his dyeing breath he knew that he had missed his chance . Through  this the audience is able to understand that Chris knew that he had the chance to belong to many places. Even though both Ender’s Game and The Simple Gift had places to belong both Ender at his house and Billy at Nowheres Vile, knew how it felt not to belong to a place. Fitting into a place or being able to belong to a group of people is a significant part of the normal person’s life. Sean Penn was able to direct Into the Wild and is able to portray Chris and his very different understanding of belonging. Orson Scott Card’s novel Ender’s Game was able to illustrate the effects of what little belonging can do people. Through these texts and The Simple Gift all three composers were able to demonstrate similar and differently the effects of belonging to people and place.

Greenhouse gases Essay Example for Free

Greenhouse gases Essay â€Å"Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are often called greenhouse gases† (Environmental Protection Agency, 1). Some greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, occur naturally and are emitted into the air through natural processes and human activity. Other greenhouse gases are emitted only through human activity. These include â€Å"carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases† (Environmental Protection Agency, 1). Carbon dioxide is emitted through the burning of fossil fuels as well as through solid waste and tree and wood products. Methane is emitted during the transport of coal, natural gas and oil. Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities. Fluorinated gases are emitted through a variety of industrial processes (Environmental Protection Agency, 1). These are all dangerous emissions that have a serious impact on the integrity of the environment. However, there are many natural processes that can cause an emission of greenhouse gases and these get far less attention than those associated with human activity. â€Å"Cattle numbers have more than tripled in the last ten years† (Hao, et al, 376). An analysis of the greenhouse gas emissions of these increasing cattle herds as compared to automobiles and planes is offered. The Problem with Cattle â€Å"Associated with intensification of livestock operations in an increased amount of feedlot manure produced each year† (Hao, et al, 376). Typically, cattle manure is disposed of by applying it directly to fields. â€Å"However, this has created environmental concerns† (Hao, et al, 376). Composting manure before applying it to fields has been suggested as an alternative because it â€Å"reduces odor, pathogens, weeds and fly breeding potential† (Hao, et al, 376). However, it has also been shown that composting the manure before application â€Å"contributes to emissions of greenhouse gases† (Hao, et al, 376). The process of composting the manure results in an increase in several different gases including methane and carbon dioxide. As the manure is composted, â€Å"heat is generated and the temperature of the compost increases. † As the temperature increases, greenhouse gas emissions also increase (Hao, et al, 384). Finally, â€Å"composted manure can be trucked further distances† which also adds to the overall greenhouse gas emissions associated with cattle manure (Hao, et al, 376). It is the by products of the cattle that cause a large part of the overall greenhouse gas emissions related to the livestock trade. The chemical composition of the by products are what contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases. Therefore, as cattle herds increase so does their by products which, in turn, increases gas emissions. â€Å"Globally, methane emissions from cattle are five to six percent of total emissions while nitrogen emissions are seven percent of total emissions† (Hao, et al, 37). As the cattle herds grow the amount of manure that is produces also grows and this results in an increase in overall greenhouse gas emissions over time. When manure is composted it is required to remain in one place over a long period of time. As the manure composts its temperature increases which only adds to the greenhouse gas emissions that comes from the manure Therefore, it can be shown that greenhouse gas emissions from cattle are larger than greenhouse gas emissions from automobiles and planes, particularly as the global number of cattle herds increases so does global output of methane and nitrogen. These greenhouse gas emissions are far more dangerous than the emissions from automobiles and planes. While sustainable development has received global attention it has â€Å"limited influence on the transportation sector† (Bartle, 214). While people all over the world are attempting to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by also reducing their driving and/or purchasing more efficient vehicles, the United States air industry â€Å"is unsustainable and forecasted trends suggest that this problem will get worse† (Bartle, 214). Current pollution control policies do not adequately address the issues associated with greenhouse gas emissions and airplane use. However, there are many reforms and new policies being considered in order to make air travel more sustainable while also reducing total greenhouse gas emissions during flying. While automobile and airplane travel have the capacity and ability to find new and innovative ways to reduce their overall greenhouse gas emissions, this is much more difficult for the cattle industry given the rapid increases in cattle herd size as well as manure output. Further, livestock are a leading source of greenhouse gas emissions but much more emphasis is placed on how to reduce emissions from automobiles and airplanes and much less focus is placed on how to reduce emissions within the livestock field (LA Times, 1). The cattle and livestock industry contributes more â€Å"silent and deadly emissions† than the â€Å"entire world transportation sector† (LA Times, 1). Many politicians and environmentalists do not realize the enormous problem that cattle emissions really are and often scoff at how much greenhouse gas they emit â€Å"but livestock emissions are no joke† (LA Times, 1). Further, much of the focus is placed on carbon dioxide and the majority of people do not realize the negative implications of methane and nitrous oxide – two major emissions from cattle. These two gases are more efficient at trapping heat in the environment than carbon dioxide is. Methane has â€Å"twenty-one times the potential for heat generation than carbon dioxide† does and cows can produce up to â€Å"one hundred thirty gallons† of methane per cow per day (LA Times, 1). Environmentalists tend to focus more on the greenhouse gas emissions from automobiles and planes which downplays the role of the livestock industry. At the same time, the public is not aware of the problem. Livestock, particularly cattle, are responsible for â€Å"eighteen percent of greenhouse gases worldwide – more than all the planes, trains and automobiles on the planet† (LA Times, 1). The problem appears to be getting worse. As previously mentioned the cattle herd sizes are increasing. Similarly, as living standards across the globe increase so does â€Å"a fondness for meat and dairy† (LA Times, 1). For example, meat consumption in the developing world doubled between 1980 and 2002 and it is expected to double again by 2050. â€Å"That means the environmental damage of ranching would have to be cut in half just to keep emissions at their current, dangerous level† (LA Times, 1). As more emphasis continues to be placed on the transportation sector, less emphasis is placed on the danger that the cattle emissions pose to the overall integrity of the environment. â€Å"The global livestock sector is growing faster than any other agricultural sub sector† (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1). â€Å"It provides livelihoods to about 1. 3 billion people and contributes about 40 percent to global agricultural output and is an important â€Å"source of renewable energy (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1). While this type of growth is certainly good for farmers and their bottom line, it has negative implications with regards to the overall integrity of the planet’s environment. As cattle herds continue to grow larger the problem is only going to get worse. Therefore, it is essential that the livestock industry be made aware of their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions so they are able to research and implement solutions that will help reduce their impact on the planet. Recommendations As mentioned previously, â€Å"the environmental costs per unit of livestock production must be cut by one half, just to avoid the level of damage worsening beyond its present level† (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1). Manure is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions, specifically methane and nitrous oxide. The cattle industry â€Å"generates sixty-five percent of human related nitrous oxide† which has â€Å"two hundred ninety-six times the Global Warming Potential than carbon dioxide† (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1). The cattle industry also accounts for â€Å"thirty-seven percent of all human induced methane† which has â€Å"twenty-three times the Global Warming Potential than carbon dioxide† (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1). These high levels of greenhouse gas emissions from the cattle industry prove the importance of changes in order to reduce the impact that cattle has on the environment. The problem also takes much of the emphasis off of carbon dioxide and places it on methane and nitrous oxide since they have much more capability for damage. One suggestion is for human beings to begin â€Å"cutting back on read meat† as this would reduce the high demand for cattle and lower overall greenhouse gas emissions (LA Times, 1). A similar effect would be reached through a reduction in overall dairy consumption. However, for health reasons this is not a popular or feasible recommendation the way that reducing red meat consumption is. Further, politicians and lobbyists are reluctant to take on the cattle industry because â€Å"it is extremely hazardous for politicians to take on the U. S. beef industry† (LA Times, 1). Therefore, researchers are being forced to develop ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions even as the demand for meat and dairy continues to increase. Cows have â€Å"four stomachs† and the â€Å"first stomach is called the rumen† and this is where the methane problem lies (LA Times, 1). â€Å"The bacteria in the rumen produce methane† that is released through both ends of the cow (LA Times, 1). Scientists are currently working on a type of feed that are more â€Å"energy efficient and generate less methane† as well as experimenting in order to â€Å"produce a less gassy breed of cattle† (LA Times, 1). As mentioned in the beginning of the paper, researchers are also scrambling to devise ways to reduce the contribution of manure to the overall greenhouse gas emission problem such as â€Å"storage methods and temperature† (LA Times, 1). This correlates with the research studies presented in the beginning of the paper because this research supports the notion that finding better storage methods and controlling the overall temperature of the manure can have a positive effect on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Conclusions The majority of attention has been placed on the role that automobiles and airplanes play in degrading the integrity of the environment. However, few people realize the negative impact that the livestock industry has on the overall quality of the environment. It is much harder to place blame on human activity associated with driving and flying and ignoring the impact that human activity with regards to eating has on the environment. As the demand for quality beef and dairy products continues to increase so will the greenhouse gases emitted by increasing numbers of cattle herds. Humans can help reduce this impact by cutting their red meat consumption and making more sustainable choices with regards to their eating habits. This can go a long way towards improving the situation while scientists work diligently towards creating a solution that will ensure that beef demands be met while also reducing overall impact on the earth. Bartle, John R. â€Å"The Sustainable Development of U. S. Air Travel. † Public Works Management and Policy 10. 3 (2006): 214 – 224. Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å"Greenhouse Gas Emissions. † 2009. 27 April 2009 http://www. epa. gov/climatechange/emissions/index. html. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. â€Å"Livestock a Major Threat to Environment. 29 Nov 2006. 27 April 2009 http://www. fao. org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index. html. Hao, Xiying; Chang, Chi; Larney, Francis J. â€Å"Carbon, Nitrogen Balances and Greenhouse Gas Emission During Cattle Feedlot Manure Composting. † Journal of Environmental Quality 33. 1 (2004): 37 – 45. Hao, Xiying; Chang, Chi; Larney, Francis J. Travis, Greg R. â€Å"Greenhouse Gas Emissions during Cattle Feedlot Manure Composting. † Journal of Environmental Quality 30. 2 (2001): 376 – 387. LA Times. â€Å"Killer Cow Emissions. † LA Times 15 Oct 2007. 27 April 2009 http://articles. latimes. com/2007/oct/15/opinion/ed-methane15.

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) Features

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) Features Definition: Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes or BACs are plasmids (circular DNA molecules) constructed with the replication origin of E.coli F’ Factor. F’ is an incompatibility group involved in E. coli conjugative ability and chromosomal transfer, which can exist as an extra-chromosomal element. 1st developed as a large insert cloning system to facilitate the construction of DNA libraries to analyze genomic structure. Technology was developed to carry out genetic and functional studies of viruses (herpes virus especially). Since then BACs application have grown intensely and have benefited the research community in many fields, such as in genomic fingerprinting, sequencing of the human genome, in vaccine development and in vitro transgenesis,. Characteristic features of BAC vectors The original BAC vector, pBAC108L, is based on a mini-F plasmid, pMBO131 (Figure 1) which encodes genes essential for self-repli ­cation and regulates its copy number inside a cell. The unidirectional self-replicating genes are oriS and repE while parA and parB maintain copy number to one or two for each E. coli genome. Multiple cloning sites is present, flanked by â€Å"universal promot ­ers† T7 and SP6, all flanked by GC-rich restriction enzyme sites for insert excision.   Presence of cosN and loxP sites(cloned in by bacteriophage l terminase and P1 Cre recombinase, respectively) permits linearization of the plasmid for convenient restriction mapping. There is a chloramphenicol resistance gene for negative selection of non-transformed bacteria. Vector is 6900 bp in length and is capable of maintaining insert DNA in excess of 300 kilobases (kb). Other BAC Vectors There have been many modifications done to increase the ease-of-use as well as for use in specific systems and situations.   pBeloBAC11 2 and pBACe3.6 are modified BAC vectors based on pBAC108L and are commonly used as a basis for further modification. pBeloBAC11 The primary characteristic of this vector is the addition of a lacZ gene into the multiple cloning site 2 of pBAC108L. Plates supplemented with X-gal/IPTG, an intact lacZ gene encodes b-galactosidase which catalyses the supplemented substrate into a blue substance. Successful ligation of insert DNA into the vector inactivates lacZ, generating white colonies, indicating the presence of a successful vector-insert ligation. It is still a low-copy number plasmid due to presence of parA and parB. Size of vector is 7507 bp in length. pBACe3.6 This vector is based on pBAC108L but is more highly modified than pBeloBAC11. In order to overcome the issue of low plasmid copy numbers, the P1 replicon in F’ was deleted and a removable high copy number replicon originating from an inserted pUC19 was introduced.   This vector contains 2.7 kb pUClink stuffer fragment which is flanked by two sets of six restriction sites within a sacB region. Levansucrase, a product of sacB gene, which converts sucrose (sup ­plemented in the media) to levan, which is toxic to E. coli host cells. Hence, if the vector is re-ligated without an insert, the functional sacB produces levansucrase and the cells die before forming colonies. Successful ligation of an insert into the vector increases the dis ­tance from the promoter to the coding region of sacB, disrupting toxic gene expression in the presence of sucrose. In addition to this vectors, there are many specialized BAC vectors carrying a variety of different combinations of drug resistance genes. Besides, many different selection mechanisms and markers are available. Modifications of cloning sites (unique restriction endonuclease sites) are also common as per the addition of genes and promoters specific to different strains of bacteria. Development of BAC vector Advantages of BAC Vectors The large size of BACs help to minimize site of integration effects, a phenomenon which has been defined as endogenous sequences (such as gene coding regions and distal regulatory elements) to be disrupted, and to produce potentially undesirable phenotypes in gene cloning technology. Endogenous gene expression more accurately than other cloning systems. The human genome BACs consist of the full gene structure(which play very important role in gene regulation). Therefore the human genome BACs will ensure full mRNA processing and splicing when genes are transcribed, and produce the full complement of protein isoforms once mRNAs are translated. It can be transfected and expressed in mammalian cell lines even if transfection efficiency and copy numbers are low. Disadvantages of BAC vectors A construct containing a large genomic fragment is likely to contain non-related genes which may lead to indirect, non-specific gene expression and unanticipated changes in the cell phenotype. Recombinant BAC constructs can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. The large size BAC DNA constructs are more easily degraded and sheard during manipulation before transfection. Applications of BAC vectors BACs are useful for the construction of genomic libraries but their range of use is vast. It spans from basic science to economically rewarding industrial research, and fields as prosaic as animal husbandry. In genomic analyses, it helps in determining phylogenetic lineage det between species. Helps in study of horizontal gene transfer and since bacterial genes are usually clustered, the ability of BAC vectors to accommodate large inserts has allowed the study of entire bacterial pathways. By isolating DNA directly from soil or from marine environments, the â€Å"metagenomes† of those organisms which are either uncultureable or are termed viable but uncultureable can be cloned into BAC vectors and indirectly studied. In industrial research fields where BAC vectors are invaluable tools in cataloguing novel genomes is in the discovery of novel enzymes. Work has been done on identifying enzymes that are involved in biopolymer hydrolysis or even radioactive waste management. BAC vectors have been instrumen ­tal in studying large double stranded DNA viruses both from an academic point of view and as a tool to develop improved vaccines. In genomic research, high throughput determination of gains and losses of genetic material using high resolution BAC arrays and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) have been developed into the new tools for translational research in solid tumors and neurodegenerative disorders. BAC technology is becoming the most upcoming method for genome sequencing. The technique uses an overlapping tailing part of large genomic fragments (150-200 kb) maintained within BACs. Every individual BAC is shotgun sequenced, where these large overlapping sequences of the BACs are assembled to produce the whole genome sequence. BACs have also been used in mammalian genome mapping, genomic imprinting, vaccine development, gene therapy and studies of the evolutionary history and functional dynamics of sex chromosomes have recently been possible using BAC libraries. YAC (yeast artificial chromosome) vectors Definition: Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are plasmid shuttle vectors capable of replicating and being selected in common bacterial hosts such as Escherichia coli, as well as in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They are of relatively small size (approximately 12 kb) and of circular form when they are amplified or manipulated in E. coli, but are rendered linear and of very large size(several hundreds of kilobases), when introduced as cloning vectors in yeast. Many different yeast artificial chromosomes exist as ongoing refinements of the initial pYAC3 and pYAC4 plasmids (Figure 1) constructed by Burke et al. (1987). Basic structural features of YACs were developed from the yeast centromere shuttle-plasmids (YCp) series. These are composed of double-stranded circular DNA sequences carrying the b-lactamase gene (bla) and the bacterial pMB1 origin of replication, thus conferring resistance to ampicillin and the ability to replicate in bacteria, respectively. YACs also contain the cloning site in the middle of the SUP4 suppressor of an ochre allele of a tyrosine transfer RNA gene; this enables restoration of the normal white color phenotype in otherwise red ade1 and/or ade2 nonsense mutants. Accordingly, in the insertional inactivation cloning process, the SUP4 gene is disrupted by the DNA insert, thus removing the suppression of the ade mutations and allowing their phenotypic expression as red color. They also include yeast ARS1 with its associated CEN4 DNAsequence, as well as the URA3 selectable marker. Biological Features of YACs The stability of YAC vectors in yeast per se is similar to that of natural chromosomes provided that all three structural elements (ARS, CEN and TEL) are present and functional, in addition, that the minimal required size is reached by the insertion of enough exogenous DNA. Indeed, several mutations are known to affect YAC stability and segregation together with natural chromosomes. Another important consideration is that faithful duplication of YACs is guaranteed only if other DNA sequences incompatible with ARS do not exist on the construct, particularly relevant when unknown DNA inserts are cloned in the YAC vector, as in the case for genomic libraries, in which there could be cryptic or otherwise unknown ARS-like sequences able to interfere with the ARS function. Construction of YACs Steps: Initially, purification of plasmid DNA is carried out. Two distinct digestions are performed: the first with BamHI that cuts twice adjacent to the two telomeric DNA sequences flanking the HIS3 gene, which therefore is excised from the plasmid and lost (Figure 2a). This first digestion generates a long linear fragment carrying telomeric sequences at each end. The second digestion consists of the opening of the cloning site within the SUP4 gene (Figure 2a). As a result of this second digestion, two linear fragments are produced as left and right arms of the future linear YAC (Figure 2b). Large DNA fragments with ends compatible to the cloning site, obtained from the desired genome source by digestion with an appropriate restriction endonuclease, are ligated with phosphatase treated YAC arms, to create a single yeast-transforming DNA molecule (Figure 2c). Primary transformants can be selected for complementation of the ura3 mutation in the host, and successively for complementation of the host trp1 mutation, thereby ensuring thepresence of both chromosomal arms. Transformant colonies containing the exogenous DNA insert within the SUP4 gene are detected by their red colour, due to the inactivation of the suppressor activity and the consequent accumulation of a red metabolic precursor in ade host cells. Applications of YACs Applications of YACs range from generating whole DNA libraries of the genomes of higher organisms to identifying essential mammalian chromosomal sequences necessary for the future construction of specialized mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs). Helps in the study of regulation of gene expression by cis-acting, controlling DNA elements, that are present either upstream or downstream of large eukaryotic genes, after the transfer of these YACs from yeast to mammalian cells. YAC libraries has greatly advanced the analysis of genomes previously cloned in cosmid vectors. For example, YAC clones have been used as hybridization probes for the screening of cDNA libraries, thus simplifying the characterization of unidentified genes. Recent technological developments allow the transfer of YACs into mouse embryonal stem (ES) cells and the subsequent generation of transgenic mice. Investigators have begun to employ these artificial chromosomes for the in vivo study of multigenic loci in mammalian cells. Two process can be used to obtain a sequenced genome, or region of interest: 1. Physical Mapping. 2. Chromosome Walking. It allows for the detailed mapping of specific regions of the genome. With the help of this, whole human chromosomes have been examined, such as the X chromosome,generating the location of genetic markers for numerous genetic disorders and traits. Bibliography Smith, GA. Enquist, LW. 1999 A self-recombining bacterial artificial chromosome and its application for analysis of herpesvirus pathogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97; 4873-4878 Shizuya, H., Birren, B., Kim, UJ., Valeria, M., Slepak, T., Tachiiri, Y., Simon, M. 1992 Cloning and stable maintenance of 300-kilobase-pair fragments of human DNA in Escherichia coli using an F-factor-based vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89; 879-8797 Fu, H., Dooner, HK. 2000 A gene-enriched BAC library for cloning large allele-specific fragments from Maize: Isolation of a 240-kb contig of the bronze region. Genome Res. 10; 866-873 Kim, UJ., Birren, BW., Slepak, T., Mancino, V., Boysen, C., Kang, HL., Simon, MI., Shizuya, H. 1996 Construction and characterization of a human bacterial artificial chromosome library. Genomics 34;213-218 Frengen, E., Weichenhan, D., Zhao, B., Osoegawa, K., van Geel, M., Jong, PJ. 1999 A modular, positive selection bacterial artificial chromosome vector with multiple cloning sites. Genomics 58; 250-253 Flotte, TR. 2000 Size does matter: overcoming the adeno-associated virus packaging limit. Respir. Res. 1; 16-18 Whitman, WB., Coleman, DC., Wiebe, WJ. 1998 Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95; 6578-6583 Anderson, SI., Lopez-Corrales, NL., Gorick, B., Archibald, AL. 2000 A large-fragment porcine genomic library resource as a BAC vector. Mamm. Genome 11; 811-814 Heintz, N. 2001 BAC to the future: The use of BAC transgenic mice for neuroscience research. Nature Rev. Neur. 2; 861-870 Adler, H., Messerle, M., Koszinowski, UH. 2001 Virus reconstituted from infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-cloned murine gammaerpesvirus 68 acquires wild-type properties in vivo only after excision of BAC vector sequences. J. Vir. 75; 5692-5696 Fischer CR (1969) Enzymology of the pigmented adenine requiring mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communication 34: 306–310. Cross SH, Allshire RC, McKay SJ, McGill NI and Cooke HJ (1989) Cloning of human telomeres by complementation in yeast. Nature 338:771–774. Jakobovits A, Moore AL, Green LL et al. (1993) Germ-line transmission and expression of a human-derived yeast artificial chromosome. Nature 362: 255–258.

A Guide to the Civil Wars of RTS Gaming Essay -- War Video Computer Ga

A Guide to the Civil Wars of RTS Gaming The real-time strategy gaming genre is filled with enthusiasts who both pursue and embody the focus of their obsession: war. Fundamentally different approaches to programming a real-time strategy game have led to two very different groups of gamers, each believing that their games are more fun and/or more realistic. I shall distinguish these two groups by the game series that they champion: the partisans of Westwood and the Command and Conquer series, and the disciples of Blizzard, they of the 'Crafts (Warcraft and Starcraft). Although confusing to the uninitiated, the war of the war gamers can be broken up into several major points, or theaters, thusly: construction, resources, and units. I shall address each of the points and their sub-headings in turn. But first, a little background on war games in general and real-time strategy in particular. After all, as Sun Tzu said, â€Å"Know thy enemy and know thyself; in a hundred battles you will never be in peril.† War gaming is a hobby in which the players re-create old battles or make new ones, honing their martial abilities on fictional battlefields. An outgrowth of the training of officers and leaders in ancient times for command of flesh-and-blood troops, war-gaming has probably been around for about as long as war. As such, the number of possible ways to simulate a war are myriad, from the low-tech Chess or Risk to the recent computer game Command and Conquer: Generals. Real-time strategy games, or RTS games, are one of the many benefits of using computers for one's war-gaming needs. There is no stuttering progression of the fight with, â€Å"I'll hit you... ok, now you hit me back,† that limit the reality of turn-based games; one player... ... as a heavy engineering company in the US Army might do (albeit faster and with fewer people), yet the number of unit functions is kept so simple that a few memorized (or re-assigned) hotkeys can make the interface nearly as quick as the older C&C games; supply planes zoom over the drop zones to send the Americans more material while Chinese infantry seize an oil derrick for the steady flow of oil (and funds) that it provides. With this trend toward meshing the two styles, there may one day be peace between the two factions. While I personally prefer the urgent speed of the Command and Conquer style, I think anyone could agree that Blizzard has some good points as well. So, I welcome our newfound brothers and former enemies of the Warcraft forces... except for you guys, you dirty, stinking Mac users! (So much for peace. Oh well, I guess some things never change).

Making False Confessions Essay -- Psychology, Learning Disabilities, M

Psychological research and application have established that it is not only people with learning disability or major mental illness that are susceptible to make false confessions. In order for a confession to be false, a person must either confess to a crime that he or she is completely innocent of or overstate his or her involvement in the crime. False confessions can be either voluntary or coerced. Although it is methodologically difficult to establish the frequency of false confessions, anecdotal evidence such as self-reports and case studies indicate that reported cases are only the ‘tip of the iceberg’. It appears that young people are particularly vulnerable and often make false confessions in order to protect others. Standardized psychological tests have been devised in order to assess personality factors such as suggestibility and compliance that render some people more vulnerable than others. The reason people make false confessions is typically due to a combina tion of factors such as psychological vulnerabilities, nature of the custodial confinement and the police interviewing tactics. Notorious cases of false confessions which have lead to the wrongful convictions of innocent people subsequently spending years in prison represent some of the worst cases of miscarriage of justice in Britain. One such cases, that of Engin Raghip of the so-called ‘Tottenham three’ will be discussed in the context of admissibility of psychological evidence in order to demonstrate how the judiciary has increasingly come to accept the psychological notion that most people, under certain circumstances, are susceptible to making false confessions. In order to better understand why people confess to crimes they have not committed, Kassin an... ...expert testimony in assessing the reliability of disputed confessions. The reason people make false confessions is typically due to a combination of factors such as psychological vulnerabilities, nature of the custodial confinement and the police interviewing tactics. Standardized psychological tests have been devised in order to assess personality factors such as suggestibility and compliance that render some people more vulnerable than others but these should never bee looked at in isolation. Studies indicate that reported cases are only the ‘tip of the iceberg’. It appears that young people are particularly vulnerable and often make false confessions in order to protect others. It is not only people with learning disability or major mental illness ´ that are susceptible to make false confessions; depending on the context, anybody can.

Listo Systems Essay

Listo Systems management decide to implement â€Å" Black Box†, a new anti theft data security system to tackle recent increase in data theft. The new anti theft system will influence the movement of data as well as the working style of entire staffs. Cami Machado, an experienced staffs of Listo system who was handling â€Å" traffic† project and technical staff trainings and support is chosen to lead â€Å" Black Box† installation project. Seeing her excellent track record to implement new hardware and software, company chose her to lead the project. She is excited about the business opportunities going to create by installation of new â€Å" Black Box† project. However, the installation process will not be easy, as it seems. She is confident about her ability in successfully installing â€Å" Black Box† but worried about the staffs opposing the process of installation. Most of the technical staffs are against this project. Further, artists’ staffs believe that the great impact of this project will be on creativeness process. In addition to this, installation of this project will increase the risk of loosing creative staffs to rivals who do not have â€Å" Black Box technology†. Causal variables â€Å"Causal variables are those factors that influence the course of developments within an organization and its results or accomplishments. These variables are within the organization’s control and can be altered by the organization† (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008). In this case, â€Å"Black Box† is the causal variables. This project has ability to influence Listo development process as well as the end results or accomplishments of Listo. Further, â€Å"Black Box† implementation decision is totally under control of Listo management and the decision of installation can be changed by the Listo management if they want to. Intervening variables The human resources that are affected by the decision of Listo System of implementing Black Box (Causal variable) are intervening variables (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008). The current condition of most of the Listo’s technical staffs and artists’ staffs who are resisting the installation of Black Box are intervening variables in this condition. Most these intervening variables (technical and artists staffs) will opt to leave the Listo for competitors if there demand is overlooked. Potential output variables Potential output variables are the dependent variables that reflect the achievements of the organization (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008). The extends to which the â€Å" Black Box† can control the hacking and data theft of Listo system will be the potential output variables. The output variables in this will depend on the proper installation of â€Å" Black Box† and the commitment and motivation shown by intervening variables (technical and artists staffs) towards the objective of this project. If I were Cami After thorough analysis of casual, intervening and end result variables, I have found that casual variable is central of three variables. Casual variable create situation of intervening variables, which will have great impact on end results variables. Trying to change intervening variables will not change the end result variable by much rather trying to change casual variables will be effective on both intervening and end result variables (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008). In this case, trying to change the attitude of technical staffs and artists staffs will be much less effect on end results variables. Instead, I would rather request suggestion (help) from those apposing staffs on how to implement this new project to satisfy their complain. Modifying Black Box installation project according to their request will improve end result variables. If I were boss If I were Cami boss, I would focus my time on motivation and controlling. The planning to install â€Å" Black Box† and organization require to install â€Å"Black Box† is already finished. Now, I have to focus all my attention on controlling that everything is going according to the plan. If not, what controlling measure should I need to take to bring project on track. Further, to enhance efficiency, employees’ motivation is necessary. Being boss, it is my responsibilities to motivate employees to move forward to accomplishment of organization goals.

Fail to Plan, Plan to Fail Essay

Those who fail to plan, plan to fail, or at least plan not to improve, according to the management literature. Look at school improvement, and there’s similar agreement pretty much across the literature that the schools that improve are the ones that plan. They establish a clear educational vision and consequent shared mission; identify goals or objectives that enable them to achieve that mission and thereby realise that vision; audit themselves, thereby identifying areas for improvement; and develop and implement educational programs on the basis of leadership 57 that audit that address areas for improvement n ways that help them achieve the mission. That process, much of the literature suggests, is recursive or cyclical. The key in the school improvement literature seems to be that there’s a first step, identifying your vision and shared mission, that then informs the next step, the planning process of identifying goals or objectives aligned with the vision and mission. Whether you look at the management literature or the school improvement literature, at its simplest, goal setting is a way of asking what do we want, do we have what we need so that we can develop and implement what we plan, do our various goals elate to one another or are any in conflict, and is there anything we’ve overlooked, including internal and external blockers? There, in 200 or so words, you have the whole easy-peasy school improvement planning story, and can stop reading and go and get that coffee right now. Or not. The problem, if you’re still reading, is that planning and goal setting can sometimes lead to fragmented, uncoordinated programs with conflicting objectives that actually work against one another. Yes, setting specific, challenging goals, and developing and implementing educational programs to meet them can drive school mprovement, but as Adam Galinsky, author with Lisa Ordonez, Maurice Schweitzer and Max Bazerman of ‘Goals gone wild,’ in the 58 teacher june/july 2009 Journal of the Academy of Management Perspectives, told the Boston Globe’s Drake Bennett, goal setting ‘can lead to crazy behaviours to get people to achieve them. ’ ‘We contend,’ write Ordonez, Schweitzer, Galinsky and Bazerman in ‘Goals gone wild,’ ‘that goal setting has been over- prescribed. In particular, we argue that goal setting has powerful and predictable side effects. Rather than being offered as an â€Å"over-the-counter† salve for boosting performance, oal setting should be prescribed selectively, presented with a warning label and closely monitored. ’ Tunnel vision To be fair, Ordonez, Schweitzer, Galinsky and Bazerman have their eyes set on performance management, and its tendency to an outcome orientation like a defined sales target, say, or reduced time spent on a process, rather than school improvement, and its tendency to the systemic development and implementation of programs. Nonetheless, people in a school who want to improve it will end up setting, or having set for them, some kind of performanceoriented goal. The message from Ordonez, Schweitzer, Galinsky and Bazerman is that they should pursue that goal with care. Let’s consider why goals, as Ordonez and colleagues put it, go wild. The first reason, they argue, is that a goal might be inappropriate or so specific that in pursuing it, people ignore important elements of their behaviour, and maybe even their attitudes and values, that are not specified by the goal. ‘Suppose that a university department bases tenure decisions primarily on the number of articles that (academics) publish,’ they write. ‘This goal will motivate (the academics) to accomplish the narrow objective of publishing articles. Other important objectives, however, such as research impact, teaching and service, may suffer. ’ Worse, say Ordonez and colleagues, referring to Barry Staw and Richard Boettger’s ‘Task revision: A neglected form of work performance’ in the Academy of Management Journal, goals can give us tunnel vision. In their study on the effects of goals, Staw and Boettger asked students to proofread a paragraph that contained both grammatical and content errors. They found that those asked simply to ‘do your best’ corrected both grammatical and content errors, while those who were asked specifically to correct grammar gnored content, and those who were asked specifically to correct content ignored grammar. The reason? Goals ‘inform the individual about what behaviour is valued and appropriate,’ argue Staw and Boettger. The goal-setting problem, Ordonez and colleagues add, is that when we plan we tend to latch on to specific, measurable standards rather than complex sets of behaviours, and the attitudes and values that underlie them, precisely because specific standards are easy to measure and complex sets of behaviours are not. Command performance The goal-setting problem, essentially, depends n whether a goal is set by command or by consultation, negotiation or – horror – genuine collaboration. Goals set by command are, by definition, set by those with the power, whether you like it or not, to set them. The risk of such goal setting is that, first, it may lead to goals that are inappropriate or overly specific and, second, that leaders and their followers can be prone to what could be called target fixation or what Christopher Kayes, calls ‘destructive goal pursuit’ in Destructive Goal Pursuit: The Mount Everest disaster, to which Ordonez and colleagues also refer. As they note, ‘Kayes identifies warning signs of leaders who have become excessively fixated on goals. These occur in leaders who express narrowly- defined goals, associate goals with destiny, express an idealised future, offer goal-driven justifications, face public expectations and attempt to engage in face-saving behaviour. ’ It’s a useful checklist to use to audit yourself or a leader in your institution, but remember, we tend to latch on to specific measurable things rather than complex sets of behaviours, and the attitudes and values that underlie them, precisely The goal-setting problem s that when we plan we tend to latch on to specific, measurable standards†¦ because specific standards are easy to measure. leadership 59 because the specifics are easy to measure and complex sets of behaviours are not. Performance anxiety Of course, one of the main planks of the education policy of this and the previous Commonwealth government is the standards agenda – the benchmarking of student achievement outcomes, which educators and schools then strive to achieve, and which at their worst could end up as ‘league tables. ’ Whether you’re a fan of the standards agenda or not, it’s clearly the mother of all oals in Australian education, and worth considering in terms of goal setting. Ordonez and colleagues have some interesting observations to make, particularly about what they call the serious side-effects of setting challenging or so-called stretch goals. These, they argue, can lead people to choose riskier strategies and to cheat, and can create a culture of competition that erodes cooperation. On ethics, they argue, ‘The interplay between organisational culture and goal setting is particularly important. An ethical organisational culture can rein in the harmful effects of goal setting, but at the same ime, the use of goals can influence organisational culture. Specifically, the use of goal setting, like â€Å"management by objectives,† creates a focus on ends rather than means†¦. Goal setting impedes ethical decision making by making it harder for employees to recognise ethical issues and easier for them to rationalise unethical behaviour. Given that small actions within an organisation can have broad implications for organisational culture, we postulate that aggressive goal setting within an organisation will foster an organisational climate ripe for unethical behaviour. That is, not only does goal setting irectly motivate unethical behaviour, but its introduction may also motivate unethical behaviour indirectly by subtly altering an organisation’s culture. ’ Handle with care If the bad news of the government-mandated standards agenda is that there’s a risk of a form of goal setting that creates a focus on ends rather than means, the good news for schools is that the school-improvement literature puts a premium on one thing that’s evident in the first 200 words of this story: collegiality. With any luck, your school- improvement planning process and the goals that you consequently set are the result of onsultation, negotiation and collaboration, not command and, if they are, chances are yours are learning goals, not performance targets. As Ordonez and colleagues observe, performance goals inhibit learning. ‘When individuals face a complex task, specific, challenging goals may inhibit learning from experience and degrade performance compared to exhortations to â€Å"do your best. † An individual who is narrowly focused on a performance goal will be less likely to try alternative methods that could help her learn how to perform a task†¦. Overall, the narrow focus of specific goals can inspire erformance, but prevent learning. ’ As Edwin Locke and Gary Latham recommend in ‘Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey’ in American Psychologist, we should be setting ‘learning goals’ in complex situations rather than ‘performance goals. ’ The problem, as Ordonez and colleagues note, is that, ‘In practice, however, managers may have trouble determining when a task is complex enough to warrant a learning, rather than a performance, goal†¦. The goal of setting the right goals is itself a challenging affair. ’ Perhaps it’s time for a new axiom: those ho fail to plan carefully, plan at their peril.

An Employee Perspective Essay

This error communication situation confuses employees’ performance and motivation. Moreover, let the job feedback become useless and destroy the employee relationship. Therefore, this assignment is to find out the problem of H&M’s Job Feedback by using employee perspective. Moreover, enables employees to become more loyal to the company while they also work toward achieving their long-term career goals. Keywords: Performance & motivation, Brainstorm, Job Feedback, EPAC Introduction & Background Feedback is an anomaly. People have a general sense that feedback is good to give and receive. Therefore, Immediate feedback is critical when we are learning, especially when we do not know what we do not know. Equally important are the attitude of the sender and recipient and the individual providing the critique (London, 2003). A good feedback will provide positive encouragement because they want to convey their genuine interest. When employees feel leadership has their best interest at heart, they are inclined to make corrections and more likely to modify their behavior. Most people want to perform well and they want to know when they are doing something incorrectly. They want constructive a positive feedback by the leader, and they appreciate criticism when it is present in a positive manner. Therefore, feedback is an essential ingredient of an employee development program because people use information about themselves to formulate their career goals, get better performance and motivation. H&M believe in being straightforward and apply the open door principle, which gives employee the right and opportunity to discuss work-related issues directly with management. However, in H&M Hong Kong, employee cannot search any good feedback to provide positive encouragement for their job, this situation shows very critical in the area of Part-time sales Advisor in Hong Kong. Managers are using less time to being seriously to the employee of Part-time sales Advisor. It is because the manager thinks they will not work as a long-term staff (less loyalty) and the role of Part-time staff is less important than the full-time staff. Manager tends to give less time to encourage them by using constructive feedback but Destructive feedback. Destructive feedback is abusive. Although the word â€Å"abusive† may seem extreme as a description of workplace behavior, it occurs, and can be destructive to employees’ performance, careers and self-esteem (Bassman 1992). Therefore, H&M Part-time employees are less receive any comment by their managers. Nonsensically, according to the HR Data of H&M at 2009, there are over a half (55%) of employees are Part-time in H&M around the world. mainly work as Part-time Sales- Advisor. Therefore, if the managers in Hong Kong keep ignore and use less time to encourage them by using constructive feedback.

Opposing views in the play Essay

Priestly was a socialist, he thought that the divide between rich and poor was a problem. Priestly also helped set up a political party which he believed would give people a fairer system. His work and ideas helped to bring changes such as the welfare state. He wrote the play in order to put across his views. † We don’t live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other.† This shows Priestley’s socialism through the character of the inspector. It shows that we should think about how we behave around other people and how we are all equal. The play was set in 1912 and written in 1945. This was to remind the audience of how it was before the war. Also it was set in 1912 so Priestly could incorporate dramatic irony. In the opening of the play Priestly uses dramatic devices to draw in the audience. The Play is set  In the dining room where it is â€Å"heavily comfortable but not cosy and homelike†. This creates an impression that though the family are wealthy, successful, and of the upper class, there is lack of family warmth. This reveals that the characters in the Birling family are deprived of familial warmth and affection. I think Priestly gives such a detailed description of the stage set because, he wants to accurately reflect a specific period in time, and also as the setting doesn’t change through out the play its best to get it right the first time.  In the opening of the play priestly includes specific props to give a sense of social class in the Birlings. At the very begging Edna is clearing the table of â€Å"dessert plates and champagne glasses, replacing them with a decanter of port, cigar boxes and cigarettes.† These objects are all expensive things, things you would expect to find at a special occasion. Therefore, not only does it show the Birlings upper class, it also shows that there is a special occasion. The characters costumes are roughly described to match the correct period of time. Men more-so, partly because they would all have been the same, and partly because this would be a strict dress code for a special occasion in those days. This would tell the audience immediately what period the play was set in.  At the begging of the play the lighting is a soft pink, this is to show how relaxed the Birlings were and that everything was ok. Like the expression â€Å"looking back through rose coloured spectacles.† Then as the inspector arrives there is a dramatic change of lighting to a hard, brighter light to show the inspector’s sternness. At the beginning of the play the characters are each described briefly of their characteristics and emotions. These descriptions shall change through the play for at the beginning they are clearly happy in celebration and through out the rest of the play become more â€Å"worried, upset, or argumentative†. The inspector is described as â€Å"An impression of ‘massiveness, solidity and purposefulness’, he grows and remains more solid when each of the other characters break down.† This is because Priestly wants to put across that the inspector (a socialist) is superior to the Birlings. The Inspector goes about his investigation in chronological order to the happenings of â€Å"Eva Smith†, slowly breaking down each character letting them foresee their mistakes. Birling’s speeches are really important as Priestly uses dramatic irony to put across his ideas about social status. In his speeches Birling sounds arrogant and pompous, thinking he knows it all when dramatic irony shows how wrong he is. â€Å"Titanic-she sails next week-forty six thousand eight hundred tons-New York in five days-and every luxury-and unsinkable.† The audience all know the Titanic was infact not â€Å"unsinkable† and that it sank a week later, making Birling sound overly confident, bordering on pompous in his vision of the future. He is thus creating in Birling an untrustworthy character-if he is wrong about this he might also be wrong in other things he says. Birling is portrayed as a typical business man, an individualist, and a capitalist and his attitudes reflect that. For example he makes a speech to his son and future son in law which is interrupted by the inspector. He repeats the idea that â€Å"a man has to make his own way, has to look after himself† which seems to embody his individualistic philosophy. It seems that Priestly uses speeches as an important device to highlight the opposing views in the play. The inspector’s final speech would almost parody this earlier speech in that he proposes the exact opposite view â€Å"We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other† Priestly uses the character of the inspector as a mouth-piece to say his socialist views.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœAn inspector calls’ is very much a play to put across Priestly’s veiws about things he believed in, e.g socialism. An enjoyable mystery performance for people who like a twist.

Netherlands decriminalised euthanasia-law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Netherlands decriminalised euthanasia-law - Essay Example The Royal Dutch Medical Association KNMG, together with the Dutch courts, have the responsibility of establishing and maintaining guidelines which are used by physicians in the selection of patients who qualify for either euthanasia, or assisted suicide. If the attending doctor follows all the guidelines given by the KNMG before assisting a patient, he is then not liable for prosecution. Over time, some of these guidelines are being ignored and some of the doctors have resorted to administering the operation without following all the legal guidelines (Dykxhoorn). The Dutch Courts have ruled that euthanasia is allowed to be performed by doctors in cases where, the doctor faces an irresolvable conflict between his responsibility to his ailing patient whose incurable condition necessitates euthanasia, and the Dutch laws which helped make euthanasia illegal. If a patient persistently and freely makes a request for assisted suicide as a result of his condition, the Dutch doctors are obligated to consider the request (Dykxhoorn). The first Dutch government study on euthanasia, The Remmelink Report of September 10, 1991 clearly shows that doctors are increasingly taking over making the making of the decision on if a terminally ill patient is to live or die. In cases where the patient wishes to be aided in suicide or needs euthanasia, the decision on whether a patient should continue to live or is to die is decided by a team of physicians and experts or exclusively by the attending doctor (Patients Rights Council). According to Derek Humphry, Switzerland is the only country, which does not, bar foreigners from obtaining euthanasia and assisted suicide services but laws are carefully regulated to ensure that the reasons for obtaining the assistance are valid as the Swiss laws require. (Humphry) Terminally ill patients should be permitted to decide on whether or not they want to die. However, laws and regulations should be enacted and be strictly regulated to ensure that

To persuade People to refrain from taking Diet Pills Essay

To persuade People to refrain from taking Diet Pills - Essay Example It's very important to study this matter for it will make clear to us the real thing about diet pills. The problem is the rate of people who uses diet pills and those who sell such pills are getting higher. The result of this study will surely change our point of view regarding diet pills. The people will surely will benefit, all in the whole society. In the principle of Ecology there is a saying that everything is connected to everything else. So what's the relation of this As we take diet pills we tend to limit our choices and wants to eat. The pills limited the wants of your stomach. And you really have to maintain your diet. When you take diet pills you will not feel hungry every time. But we don't have notice that some part of the body, or one of the body organs are affected by that pills, such as the sensitive one, the liver which is the screener of all, will be affected. But why is this problem not have been solved, actually there are barriers like the legal barriers for they tend to explain that diet pills had come for solving the problem in the society. There are some good results from taking it. And the cant stop the production for it really helps the people's needs. There are also the attitudinal barriers in which the people keeps on consuming and buying diet pills, their attitude and the willing ness to buy the product tends the hardship to stop them becomes worse. There is also a political barrier in which some of the politicians in authority holds or protect those producers, for they will receive a payment from them. There is also an economical barrier, since the people's attitude cannot be stopped by time they continue buying the pills and so consuming these pills helps the economy, so the economic sectors are afraid to stop the production of diet pills for it helps the economic progression. Solving the problem from the start will be hard to do, but there are solutions to solve this. Education is the solution. Why not educate the people about the bad aspects of taking diet pills. We should make them believe that pills can give them another problem; the willingness to be thin is dangerous. Why not publish some ads on the newspaper, conduct seminars, and even teach those in schools. To solve the issue its very intelligent to start from the roots, we should stop those who buys, and so it will make a bankrupt thing to the producers because nobody or the consuming rate decreases the will tend to stop negotiating the product. Let us dissolve the pills, why not take advantage of the oatmeal, and make the production of fruit and vegetables increase, make them have a vegetarian living, more on fibers and exercises. There is a lot of solutions and not the diet pills. Let us take the natural thing. Not of any synthetic thing around us. God gave us everything. No pills. Let's discipline ourselves, and have the balanced diet. Let us remember that we should value health. No need to have the synthetic solutions to become beautiful. We should go for the